Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants by TyG index

Number, n (%)

4566

2107

2459

POD, n (%)

0.002

no

4400 (96.4)

2050 (97.3)

2350 (95.6)

yes

166 (3.64)

57 (2.71)

109 (4.4)

Gender, n (%)

< 0.001

Male

2423 (53.1)

1256 (59.6)

1167 (47.5)

Female

2143 (46.9)

851 (40.4)

1292 (52.5)

Smoking, n (%)

0.003

no

2423 (53.1)

1546 (73.4)

1900 (77.3)

yes

2143 (46.9)

561 (26.6)

559 (22.7)

Alcohol, n (%)

< 0.001

no

3446 (75.5)

1583 (75.1)

1983 (80.6)

yes

1120 (24.5)

524 (24.9)

476 (19.4)

Hypertension, n (%)

0.412

no

3566 (78.1)

664 (31.5)

804 (32.7)

yes

1000 (21.9)

1443 (68.5)

1655 (67.3)

Cardiac disease, n (%)

0.49

no

1468 (32.2)

599 (28.4)

723 (29.4)

yes

3098 (67.8)

1508 (71.6)

1736 (70.6)

COPD, n (%)

0.306

no

1322 (29.0)

2022 (96.0)

2375 (96.6)

yes

3244 (71.0)

85 (4.0)

84 (3.4)

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

0.531

no

4397 (96.3)

1830 (86.9)

2119 (86.2)

yes

169 (3.7)

277 (13.1)

340 (13.8)

CKD, n (%)

0.252

no

3949 (86.5)

2067 (98.1)

2399 (97.6)

yes

617 (13.5)

40 (1.9)

60 (2.4)

Depression and anxiety, n (%)

0.142

no

4466 (97.8)

2100 (99.7)

2442 (99.3)

yes

100 (2.2)

7 (0.3)

17 (0.7)

ASA grade, n (%)

0.054

I

40 (0.9)

17 (0.8)

23 (0.9)

II

3329 (72.9)

1577 (74.8)

1752 (71.3)

III

1166 (25.5)

501 (23.8)

665 (27.0)

IV

31 (0.7)

12 (0.6)

19 (0.8)

Emergency surgery, n (%)

0.056

no

4426 (96.9)

2054 (97.5)

2372 (96.5)

yes

140 (3.1)

53 (2.5)

87 (3.5)

Surgical type, n (%)

0.001

Hepatopancreatobiliary and

gastrointestinal surgery

1455 (31.9)

691 (32.8)

764 (31.1)

Urinary surgery

614 (13.4)

309 (14.7)

305 (12.4)

Thoracic surgery

311 (6.8)

122 (5.8)

189 (7.7)

Gynecology

186 (4.1)

84 (3.9)

102 (4.2)

E.N.T

290 (6.4)

151 (7.2)

139 (5.7)

Vascular surgery

229 (5.0)

114 (5.4)

115 (4.7)

Others

1481 (32.4)

636 (30.2)

845 (34.4)

Anesthesia type, n (%)

0.237

General anesthesia

4038 (88.4)

1876 (89.0)

2162 (87.9)

Basal anesthesia

150 (3.3)

71 (3.4)

79 (3.2)

General anesthesia combined with other anesthesia

288 (6.3)

120 (5.7)

168 (6.8)

Epidural anesthesia

45 (1.0)

24 (1.1)

21 (0.9)

Nerve blocks

45 (1.0)

16 (0.8)

29 (1.2)

GSP, µmol/L

200 [178–226]

198 [170–212]

200 [189–237]

< 0.001

Age, years

70.0 [67.0–74.0]

71.0 [67.0–75.0]

70.0 [67.0–74.0]

< 0.001

ALT, U/L

14.9 [11.0-22.2]

14.1 [10.5–20.0]

15.8 [11.5–24.0]

< 0.001

AST, U/L

16.1 [13.3–20.6]

16.0 [13.4–20.0]

16.2 [13.2–21.2]

0.21

BMI, kg/m²

24.8 [22.7–27.1]

24.2 [22.1–26.5]

25.3 [23.2–27.6]

< 0.001

Hb, g/L

130 [119–141]

129 [118–140]

130 [119–141]

0.002

WBC count, *10⁹/L

6.04 [5.07–7.28]

5.81 [4.90–7.02]

6.23 [5.25–7.53]

< 0.001

Total bilirubin, µmol/L

10.5 [8.00–14.0]

10.8 [8.30–14.1]

10.2 [7.70–13.8]

0.002

PT, s

13.2 [12.7–13.8]

13.4 [12.9–13.9]

13.1 [12.6–13.6]

< 0.001

Duration of anesthesia, min

180 [115–245]

180 [115–241]

180 [119–250]

0.438

Blood loss, ml

80 [20–200]

50 [20–200]

100 [20–200]

0.524

Urine, ml

200 [50.0-500]

200 [50.0-500]

200 [50.0-500]

0.721

Crystalloid, ml

1350 [1000–2100]

1500 [1000–2100]

1300 [1000–2100]

0.606

Colloid, ml

500 [0-500]

500 [0-500]

500 [0-500]

0.828

Cre, µmol/L

71.2 [59.8–83.7]

72.1 [61.2–84.4]

70.4 [58.8–82.8]

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.22 [3.60–4.94]

4.00 [3.41–4.62]

4.44 [3.82–5.22]

< 0.001

LDL, mmol/L

2.64 [2.16–3.23]

2.56 [2.01–3.03]

2.70 [2.28–3.40]

< 0.001

HDL, mmol/L

1.10 [0.93–1.29]

1.16 [1.01–1.39]

1.06 [0.87–1.20]

< 0.001

Glucose, mmol/L

5.90 [4.96–7.34]

5.10 [4.53–5.87]

6.91 [5.76–8.49]

< 0.001

Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.27 [0.94–1.76]

0.93 [0.75–1.15]

1.69 [1.37–2.22]

< 0.001

Duration of MAP < 60 mmHg, min

5.0 [0.0–10.0]

5.0 [0.0–15.0]

5.0 [0.0–10.0]

0.06

Platelet count, *10⁹/L

207 [170–252]

207 [168–251]

208 [171–253]

0.209